Concert halls |

Concert halls are premises intended for the public performance of music. products, suitably equipped and meeting certain acoustic requirements. and architectural requirements. Occurrence To. — natural result istorich. music development. culture in con. 17 – beg. 18th century If in the previous period the centers isp. music were churches, palaces, parishes. t-ry, aristocratic. salons available for pouring limited. circle of people, then as the bourgeoisie develops. society conc. the audience began to expand significantly, there were conc. organizations that organized regular performances of groups and soloists in the premises of merchants. and craft guilds, halls of hotels and restaurants, as well as in the premises of opera theaters. The first specialized K. z. was built in 1690 in London by the Concerts of Vocal and Instrumental Music Society. Throughout the 18th century K. z. arose in France, Holland, Germany, and a number of other European countries; firms, publishing houses, muses took part in their construction. about-va and other organizations. The construction of K. z. in the 19th century as a consequence of the general process of democratization of muses. life, as well as the emergence of large permanent orchestras. This led to an increase in the size and capacity of the halls (up to 1,5-2 thousand people). Simultaneously developed architectural and acoustic. norms corresponding to construction. technique of that period.

In the 20th century intensive construction of K. z continues. Specialists are being raised. rooms for chamber concerts are being restored and reequipped for concert halls. ancient palaces and castles, in some cases as K. z. churches are used. building. Along with this, large K. z are created. (3 thousand or more places), where the latest achievements of acoustics are applied. technology. The transition from the square shape of the first short circuits becomes characteristic. to rectangular or oval, with a stage, clearly separated from the audience. rows. In the department cases, the stage is located in the center of the hall. Sizes of modern K. z. are different: chamber halls (up to 500 seats) are intended for Ch. arr. for performances by soloists, for sonata evenings and small instr. and wok. ensembles; large halls (from 500 seats or more) – for symphonic performances. orchestras, choirs, song and choreographic. groups, as well as leading soloists. There are also so-called. summer concert halls built in the open air in the form of amphitheatres with a “shell” stage or with seats for spectators under a light hinged roof. Similar halls are being built b. h. in resort areas and suburban areas of large cities. Various K. z. possess all modern cultural centers of the world. Most of the halls belong to the philharmonic, music. about you, conservatories, prof. associations. To the best zarub. K. z. belong to K. z. Society of Friends of Music (Vienna), House of Arts. Smetana (Prague), Ateneum (Bucharest), Bulgaria (Sofia), Festival Hall and Albert Hall (London), Lincoln Center, Carnegie Hall (New York) , Concertgebouw (Amsterdam), West Berlin Philharmonic, Gavo, Pleyel (Paris), Concerthuset (Stockholm), etc.

The first K. z. served in Russia in the 18th century. theatre. halls, music halls clubs, educational institutions (Smolny and Ekaterininsky institutes, the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg, Moscow University, etc.), from the 19th century. also the premises of the noble assemblies of St. Petersburg, Moscow and other cities, where paid concerts were regularly given. In the 2nd floor. 19th century large conservatories were built. at Petersburg. and Mosk. conservatories, and later a number of special premises in other cities. After Great Oct. socialist. revolutions in K. z. the premises of noble assemblies were converted (K. z. Leningrad. Philharmonic Society, the Column Hall of the House of the Unions in Moscow, the N. V. Lysenko Philharmonic Hall in Kyiv, etc.). Along with the construction of new K. z. specialist. appointments (in Yerevan, Tallinn, Minsk, and other cities) under the K. z. a number of old premises that had previously been used for other purposes were refurbished (the Engelhardt Hall—later the Small Hall named after M. I. Glinka of the Leningrad Philharmonic Society, the Kremlin Concert Hall in Gorky, the hall of the Dome Cathedral in Riga, and others). Specialist. K. z. exist in all the capitals of the Union republics and major cultural centers. At 60 – early. 70s the practice of building the so-called. combined concert halls, distinguished by their increased capacity (from 3 to 6 people) and adapted both for concerts and for other mass events—congresses, theatrical performances, and film demonstrations (the Kremlin Palace of Congresses in Moscow, cinema and concert halls) Oktyabrsky” in Leningrad, “October” in Moscow, “Ukraine” in Kharkov, etc.). Large K. z. are being built at large hotels (“Soviet” in Moscow, etc.). K. z. in the USSR they have many uch. institutions, enterprises, societies. organizations (including the All-Union House of Composers in Moscow), workers’, rural and student palaces and houses of culture, and clubs. K. z. of the summer type were built in the resort towns of Sochi, Jurmala, Palanga, and others. in the USSR: Large and Small Halls of Moscow. conservatory them. P. I. Tchaikovsky, Column Hall of the House of Unions, Concert Hall named after P. I. Tchaikovsky, State Concert Hall “Russia” in Moscow, the Large and Small Halls of Leningrad. conservatory them. N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, Small Hall. M. I. Glinka Leningrad. Philharmonic, K. z. Azerbaijan Conservatory (Baku), K. z. “Estonia” (Estonian State Philharmonic in Tallinn), K. z. Georgian State Philharmonic in Tbilisi, K. z. philharmonic society in Kazan, K. z. organ and chamber music in Kutaisi, K. z. t-ra “Vanemuine” in Tartu, K. z. Palace of Culture “Ukraine” in Kyiv, K. z. Palace them. V. I. Lenin in Alma-Ata and others.

References: Semenova I. N., Stupel A. M., Small Hall named after M. I. Glinka; Andronikov I.L., The Great Hall of the Philharmonic is one of the best places on earth, both in the collection: Leningrad State. Order of the Red Banner of Labor Philharmonic, M., 1972; Moscow Philharmonic (compiled by L. Grigoriev, J. Platek), M., 1973, p. 219-22.

MM Yakovlev