Tablature |
from lat. tabula – board, table; ital. intavolatura, French tablature, germ. Tabatur
1) Outdated alphabetic or numeric notation system for solo instr. music used in the 14th-18th centuries. T. was used when recording compositions for organ, harpsichord (fp.), lute, harp, viola da gamba, viola da braccio, and other instruments.
French lute tablature.
There were different types of T.: Italian, Spanish, French, German. The rules and forms of tambourine depended on the technique of playing the instruments; for example, the signs of the lute timbre were determined not by the sounds themselves, but by the frets, near which the strings were pressed when extracting the necessary sounds; then. for instruments that differed in structure, these signs denoted decomp. sounds.
Old German organ tablature
German lute tablature
More or less common to all T. was the designation of rhythm by means of special signs placed above letters or numbers: a dot – brevis, a vertical line – semibrevis, a line with a tail () – minima, a dash with a double tail () – semiminima, with a triple tail () – fusa, with a quadruple tail () – semifusa. The same signs above the horizontal line denoted pauses. When following several short sounds of the same duration in the 16th century. began to be used instead of otd. signs with ponytails a common horizontal line – knitting, the prototype of the modern. “ribs”.
A characteristic feature of the organ drum was the letter designation of sounds. Sometimes, in addition to letters, horizontal lines were used, corresponding to certain polygoal voices. fabrics. In the old one. organ T., used approximately from the 1st quarter. 14th c. (see Robertsbridge Codex, located in London in the British Museum) at the beginning. 16th century, the letter designation corresponded to the lower voices, and the mensural notes corresponded to the upper voices. K ser. 15th c. include handwritten tablature by A. Yleborg (1448) and K. Pauman (1452), the principles of which are described in detail in the Buxheimer Orgelbuch (c. 1460). The first printed T. appeared in the beginning. 16th century In 1571, the Leipzig organist N. Ammerbach published a new German. organ T., used around 1550-1700; sounds in it were denoted by letters, and rhythm signs were placed above the letters. Simplicity of presentation made it easier to read T. The first type is Spanish. organ T. was established by the theorist X. Bermudo; he placed the sounds from C to a2 on the lines corresponding to otd. votes, and accordingly marked them with numbers. In later Spanish organ T. white keys (from f to e1) were designated by numbers (from 1 to 7), in other octaves additional ones were used. signs. In Italy, France and England in the 17th century. when notating music for keyboard instruments, T., which included two linear systems, for the right and left hands, was used. In Italian. and Spanish. lute T. six strings corresponded to six lines, on which frets were indicated by numbers. To indicate rhythm in Spanish. T. used signs of mensural notation, standing above the lines, in Italian. T. – only stems and tails to them, equal in number of correspondences. durations. The upper strings in these T. corresponded to the lower rulers, and vice versa. The successive series of sounds on a given string was indicated by numbers: 0 (open string), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, X, . Unlike the specified T., in fr. lute T. were used preim. five lines (the upper strings corresponded to the upper lines); the sixth, additional line, in cases of its use, was placed at the bottom of the system. The sounds were marked. letters: A (open string), a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, k, 1.
German the lute t. is presumably an earlier species than those mentioned above; it was intended for a 5-string lute (later T. – for a 6-string lute).
Italian lute tablature
Spanish lute tablature
This T. did not have lines, the entire record consisted of letters, numbers, as well as stems with tails that indicated the rhythm.
Among the surviving manuscripts and printed copies of works recorded by the organ and lute t., the following are known. organ T.: A. Schlick, “Tabulaturen etlicher Lobgesang”, Mainz, 1512; handwritten tablature books by H. Kotter (University Library in Basel), I. Buchner’s handwritten tablature book (University Library in Basel and Central Library in Zurich) and other editions in new German. organ music was performed by V. Schmidt dem Dlteren (1577), I. Paix (1583), V. Schmidt dem Jüngeren (1607), J. Woltz (1607), and others. b-ka), V. Galilee (Florence, National library), B. Amerbach (Basel, university library) and others. 1523; Francesco da Milano, “Intavolatura di liuto” (1536, 1546, 1547); H. Gerle, “Musica Teusch” (Nürnberg, 1532); “Ein newes sehr künstlich Lautenbuch” (Nürnberg, 1552) and others.
2) Rules relating to the form and content of musical and poetic. suit-va Meistersinger and prevailing to the end. 15th century; these rules were combined by Adam Pushman (c. 1600). The set of rules he compiled was called T. The singing of the mastersingers was strictly monophonic and did not allow instr. escorts. Some principles of T. Meistersingers were reproduced by R. Wagner in fragments of the opera The Nuremberg Meistersingers, related to the specifics of their performance. lawsuit. See Mensural notation, Organ, Lute, Meistersinger.
The word “T.” it was also used in other meanings: for example, S. Scheidt published Tabulatura nova – Sat. prod. and exercises for the organ; N. P. Diletsky used it in the sense of a notebook.
References: Wolf J., Handbuch der Notationskunde, Tl 1-2, Lpz., 1913-19; его же, Die Tonschriften, Breslau, 1924; Schrade L., The oldest monuments of organ music…, Münster, 1928; Ape1 W., The notation of polyphonic music, Cambridge, 1942, 1961; Moe LH, Dance music in printed Italian lute tablatures from 1507 to 1611, Harvard, 1956 (Diss.); Voettisher W., Les oeuvres de Roland de Lassus mises en tablature de luth, в кн.: Le luth et sa musique, P., 1958; Dorfmь1ler K., La tablature de luth allemande…, там же; Zcbe1ey HR, Die Musik des Buxheimer Orgelbuches, Tutzing, 1964.
V. A. Vakhromeev
