Conservatory |

ital. conservatorio, French conservatoire, eng. conservatory, germ. Konservatorium, from lat. conservare – to protect

Initially, K. were called mountains in Italy. shelters for orphans and the homeless, where children were taught crafts, as well as music, especially singing (in order to train singers for church choirs). The first of them is the in 1537 in Naples – “Santa Maria di Loreto”. In the 16th century 3 more shelters were opened in Naples: “Pieta dei Turchini”, “Dei believe di Gesu Cristo” and “Sant’Onofrio a Capuana”. In the 17th century teaching music took DOS. place in the education of foster children. The shelters also trained singers and choristers. In 1797 “Santa Maria di Loreto” and “Sant’Onofrio” merged, receiving the name. K. “Loreto a Capuana”. In 1806, the 2 remaining orphanages joined her, forming the King. music College, later King. K. “San Pietro a Maiella”.

In Venice, establishments of this type. ospedale (i.e., hospital, orphanage, orphanage for the poor, the sick). In the 16th century famous: “Della Pieta”, “Dei Mendicanti”, “Incurabili” and ospedaletto (only for girls) “Santi Giovanni e Paolo”. In the 18th century the activities of these establishments has declined. Founded in 1877, the Benedetto Marcello Society opened music in Venice. The lyceum, which became a state lyceum in 1895, was equated to a higher school in 1916, and in 1940 it was transformed into a State Lyceum. K. im. Benedetto Marcello.

In Rome in 1566, Palestrina founded a congregation (society) of musicians, from 1838 – the Academy (located in various churches, including the Basilica of Santa Cecilia). In 1876, at the Academy “Santa Cecilia” opened the music. lyceum (since 1919 K. “Santa Cecilia”).

In the 18th century ital. K., where foreigners also studied, already played a large role in the training of composers and performing musicians. Due to the growing need for the training of prof. musicians in several countries Zap. Europe in the 18th century there were special music uch. institutions. Among the first institutions of this type is the King. a school of singing and recitation in Paris (organized in 1784 at the Royal Academy of Music; in 1793 it merged with the music school of the National Guard, forming the National Music Institute, from 1795 the Faculty of Music and Recitation). (In 1896, the Schola Cantorum was also opened in Paris.) In 1771, the King began to work in Stockholm. Higher School of Music (from 1880 Academy of Music, from 1940 K.)

Some music. uch. institutions such as K. are called academies, muses. in-tami, higher schools of music, lyceums, colleges. In the 19th century Many clubs were created: in Bologna (in 1804 the Music Lyceum, in 1914 it received the status of a club, in 1925 it was named after G. B. Martini, since 1942 the State K. named after G. B. Martini), Berlin (in 1804 school of singing, founded by C. F. Zelter, in the same place in 1820 a special educational institution founded by him, from 1822 Institute for the training of organists and school teachers of music, from 1875 Royal Institute of Church Music , from 1922 the State Academy of Church and School Music, in 1933-45 the Higher School of Musical Education, then included in the Higher School of Music, in the same city in 1850, founded by Y. Stern, later the Stern Conservatory, after City of K. (in West Berlin), in the same place in 2 the Higher School of Music, founded by J. Joachim, in the same place in 1869 the State K., later the Higher School of Music named after X. Eisler), Milan (in 1950 the Music School, since 1808 the G. Verdi C.), Florence (in 1908 the school at the Academy of Arts, from 1811 the Music Institute, from 1849 the Music School, from 1851 the King of Music. in-t, since 1860 K. them. L. Cherubini), Prague (1912; in the same place in 1811 the Academy of Arts, which has a department of music), Brussels (in 1948 the Musical School e, in 1812 at its base Korol. school of singing, from 1823 K.), Warsaw (in 1832, the music department at the Drama School, in 1814 the School of Music and Dramatic Arts; in the same place in 1816 on the basis of the faculty of fine arts at the Institute of Music and Recitation, from the same year K., from 1821 Music Institute), Vienna (in 1861 on the initiative of the Society of Friends of Music – Singing School, from 1817 K., from 1821 Academy of Music and Stage Performance . Art-va), Parkhme (in 1908 Choir School, from 1818 Institute of Arts and Crafts, from 1821 Carmine Music School, from 1831 K. named after A. Boito), London (1888, Royal Academy of Music ), The Hague (in 1822 the King’s Music School, from 1826 K.), Liege (1908), Zagreb (in 1827 the Musikverein Society, from 1827 the People’s Land Music Institute, later – the Croatian Music Institute). in-t, from 1861 the Music Academy, in the same place in 1922 the music school, founded by the Musikverein Society, from 1829 the Music School of the Croatian Music Institute from 1870 K., from 1916 State K.) , Genoa (in 1921 the Music Lyceum, later the Music Lyceum named after N. Paganini), Madrid (in 1829, from 1830 K. music and recitation), Geneva (in 1919), Lisbon (1835, Nat. K.), Budapest (in 1836 National K., from 1840 National Music School, Vpos following the National K. im. B. Bartok; in the same place in 1867 the Academy of Music, since 1875 the Higher School of Music. lawsuit them. F. Liszt), Rio de Janeiro (in 1918 the King of K., from 1841 the National Music Institute, in 1890 became part of the university, from 1931 the National School of Music Bras. University; there also in 1937 the Braz. K., in the same place in 1940 the National K. Choral Singing, in the same place in 1942 the Braz. Academy of Music named after O. L. Fernandis), Lucca (1945, later the A. Boccherini), Leipzig (1842, founded by F. Mendelssohn, from 1843 King K., from 1876 the Higher School of Music, in 1941 under it – the F. Mendelssohn Academy), Munich (in 1945 the Higher School of Music, from 1846 K. ., since 1867 the Royal School of Music, since 1892 the Academy of Music), Dublin (1924, the Royal Academy of Music), Santiago (Chile, 1848), Cologne (1849, the Higher School of Music, or the Rhine School of Music), etc.

In the 2nd floor. 19th century K.’s network has increased significantly. K. were opened in Darmstadt (in 1851 the Music School, from 1922 the State K.), Boston (1853), Stuttgart (1856, from 1896 the King of K.), Dresden (in 1856 the Higher School of Music, from 1918 the King. K., from 1937 State K.), Bucharest (1864, later C. Porumbescu K.), Luxembourg (1864), Copenhagen (in 1867 Royal Danish K., from 1902 Copenhagen K., from 1948 State. K.), Turin (in 1867 the Music School, from 1925 the Lyceum, from 1935 the G. Verdi Conservatory), Antwerp (1867, from 1898 the Royal Flemish K.), Basel (in 1867 the Music School, from 1905 Academy of Music), Baltimore and Chicago (1868), Montreal (1876), Frankfurt am Main (1878, Higher School of Music), Brno (1881, founded by the Brno Conversation Society, in 1919 merged with the Organ School, established in 1882 by the Yednota Society, since 1920 by the State K.; in the same place in 1947 the Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts, since 1969 named after L. Janacek), Pesaro (in 1882 the Music Lyceum, later the ., organized at the expense of G. Rossini, bears his name), Bogota (in 1882 the National Academy of Music, since 1910 the National K.), Helsinki (in 1882 the Music School, since 1924 K., since 1939 the Academy them. Sibelius), Adelaide (in 1883 a music college, later K.), Amsterdam (1884), Karlsruhe (in 1884 the Baden Higher School of Music, from 1929 K.), Havana (1835), Toronto (1886), Buenos Aires ( 1893), Belgrade (in 1899 the Serbian School of Music, since 1937 the Academy of Music), and other cities.

In the 20th century K. were created in Sofia (in 1904 a private music school, since 1912 the State Musical School, since 1921 the Musical Academy with secondary and higher departments, in 1947 the Higher Musical School was separated from it, since 1954 .), La Paz (1908), Sao Paulo (1909, K. Drama and Music), Melbourne (in the 1900s, based on the music school, later K. named after N. Melba), Sydney ( 1914), Tehran (1918, for the study of European music; in the same place in 1949, the National K., created on the basis of the Higher Musical School, opened in the early 30s), Bratislava (in 1919, the Musical School, with 1926 Academy of Music and Drama, from 1941 K.; in the same place, in 1949, the Higher School of Musical Arts), Cairo (in 1925 the School of Oriental Music, on the basis of the Musical Club, which arose in 1814, since 1929 t of Arabic music, in the same place in 1935 the Women’s Music Institute, in the same place in 1944 the Higher School of Music, in the same place in 1959 the Cairo National C., in the same place in 1969 the Academy of Arts, which united 5 institutes, including K. and the Institute of Arabic Music), Baghdad (1940, the Academy of Fine Arts, consisting of several departments, including music; in the same place in 1968, the Music School for Gifted Children) , Beirut (K. at Ak Academy of Fine Arts), Jerusalem (1947, Academy of Music. Rubin), Pyongyang (1949), Tel Aviv (Heb. K. – “Sulamith-K.”), Tokyo (1949, National University of Fine Arts and Music), Hanoi (in 1955 more, since 1962 K.), Surakarta (1960), Accra (Academy of Music with a 2-year course of study), Nairobi (1944, East African K.), Algiers (National Institute of Music, which also has a pedagogical department), Rabat (National Committee of Music, Dance and Dramatic Arts), etc.

In the capitalist countries, along with state-owned private muses. uch. establishments, for example. in Paris – “Ecole normal” (1918). In some countries, K. is the average account. an institution of a higher type (for example, in Czechoslovakia, along with the academies in Prague, Brno and the Higher School of Musical Arts in Bratislava, it operates around 10 K., essentially a music school).

Term of study, structure and account. plans for K., higher schools of music, academies, institutes, colleges and lyceums are not of the same type. Mn. of them have junior departments, where students of children’s age are admitted. In most countries, only performers, teachers of performing disciplines, and composers are trained in classical music. Musicologists (historians and theorists) are trained in music. f-max universities. With all the difference in the setting of the account. process in all muses. uch. institutions provide classes in the specialty, music-theoretical. subjects and the history of music.

In Russia, special music uch. institutions appeared in the 18th century. (see Music education). The first K. were created in the 60s. 19th century, in the context of the rise of the national. Russian culture and democratic development. movement. The RMO opened the St. Petersburg Conservatory in 1862 on the initiative of A. G. Rubinshtein, and in 1866, on the initiative of N. G. Rubinshtein, the Moscow Conservatory. The Music and Drama School of the Moscow Philharmonic Society (opened in 1886) also enjoyed the rights of K. (since 1883). In con. 19 – beg. 20th century muses were created in different cities of Russia. uch-scha, some of them were later transformed into K., incl. in Saratov (1912), Kyiv and Odessa (1913). essential role in the dissemination of music. formations were played by the public people’s conservatories. The first of them was opened in Moscow (1906); K. in St. Petersburg, Kazan, Saratov.

Despite the achievements in the field of music. upbringing truly people. mass music. education and enlightenment became possible only after Great Oct. socialist. revolution. By a decree of the Council of People’s Commissars of the RSFSR dated July 12, 1918, Petrograd and Moskovskaya K. (and later others) were transferred to the jurisdiction of the People’s Commissariat of Education and equated to all higher educational institutions. institutions. Over the years of the Soviet power network K. and in-comrade arts with muses. f-tami expanded.

Until Great Oct. socialist. revolutions in Russia included junior and senior departments. In the USSR, K. is a higher education. an institution where people with a secondary general and muses are accepted. education. K. and in-you train both performers and composers, and musicologists. The course of study in K. and in-ta is designed for 5 years and provides for a comprehensive theoretical. and practical preparation of a musician for prof. activities. Great place in the plans given to performing and pedagogical. practice of students. In addition to the special music disciplines, students study socio-political. science, history will depict. lawsuit, foreign languages. Higher music. uch. institutions have f-you: theoretical and composing (with departments of historical-theoretical and composing), piano, orchestral, vocal, conductor-choral, nar. tools; in a number of K. also – the faculty of opera and symphony. conductors. Under the majority of K. evening and correspondence departments are organized.

In the largest higher uch. postgraduate studies (training researchers in the field of theory and history of music) and assistantships (internships for performers, composers, and teachers) have been created in institutions. Mn. K. and in-you have specials. music ten-year schools that train cadres for higher muses. uch. institutions (for example, the Central Secondary Special Music School at Moscow K., the Moscow Gnessin Secondary Special Music School, the Ten-Year School at Leningrad K., etc.).

Higher muses work in the USSR. uch. institutions: in Alma-Ata (in 1944 K., since 1963 Kazakh. Institute, since 1973 K. named after Kurmangazy), Astrakhan (in 1969, Astrakhan K., arose on the basis of a music school), Baku ( in 1901 the music classes of the RMO, from 1916 the music school of the RMO, from 1920 the People’s Republic of Kazakhstan, from 1921 the Azerbaijanian Culture, from 1948 the Azerbaijani Culture named after U. Gadzhibekov), Vilnius (in 1945 the Vilniusskaya Culture, in 1949 merged with Kaunas K., which was created in 1933, is called K. Lithuanian SSR), Gorky (1946, Gorkovskaya K. named after M. I. Glinka), Donetsk (1968, Donetsk music-pedagogical institute, created on the basis of the Donetsk branch of the Slavic Pedagogical Institute), Yerevan (in 1921 a music studio, from 1923 K., from 1946 Yerevan K. named after Komitas), Kazan (1945, Kazanskaya K.), Kiev (in 1868 the Music School, since 1883 the Music School of the RMO, since 1913 K., since 1923 the Music College; in the same place in 1904 the Music Drama School, since 1918 the Higher Music Drama Institute named after N. V. Lysenko; Chisinau (1934, K., did not work in 1940-1940, since 1941 the Chisinau Institute of Arts named after G. Muzichesku), Leningrad (45, on the basis of the music classes of the RMO, which arose in 1963), since 1862 the Leningrad K. im. N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov), Lvov (in 1859, the Music School at the Union of Singing and Music Society, from 1944 the N. V. Lysenko Music Institute, from 1903 the Higher Music Institute -t named after N. V. Lysenko, since 1904 the Lvov Musical College named after N. V. Lysenko), Minsk (in 1907 the Minsk Musical College, since 1939 the Minsk, now the Belarusian Musical College named after A. V. Lunacharsky), Moscow (1924, on the basis of the music classes of the RMO, which arose in 1932, since 1866 the Moscow K. named after P. I. Tchaikovsky; in the same place in 1860 the Gnessin Sisters Music School, since 1940 the Second Moscow State School, since 1895 the State Musical technical school, since 1919 the Gnessin Musical College, on the basis of which the Gnesin Musical Pedagogical Institute was founded in 1920), Novosibirsk (1925, Novosibirsk M. I. Glinka K.), Odessa (in 1944 the Music School, later the Music School of the RMO, from 1956 K., from 1871 the Music Institute, in 1913-1923 named after L. Beethoven, from 1927 K., from 1934 Odessa K. named after A. V. Nezhdanovo d), Riga (1939, now K. im. Ya. Vitola of the Latvian SSR), Rostov-on-Don (Music and Pedagogical Institute), Saratov (in 1950, the Musical School of the RMO, from 1919 K., in 1895-1912 the Musical College, from 1924 Saratov K. named after L. V. Sobinov), Sverdlovsk (35, since 1935 named after M. P. Mussorgsky, since 1934 Uralsky K. named after M. P. Mussorgsky), Tallinn (in 1939, on the basis of the Tallinn Higher Musical Institute). school, since 1946 Tallinskaya K.), Tashkent (in 1919 Higher Musical School, since 1923 Tashkentskaya K.), Tbilisi (in 1934 Musical school, since 1936 Musical school, since 1874 K., since 1886 Tbilisi K. named after V. Sarajishvili), Frunze (1917, Kirghiz Institute of Art), Kharkov (in 1947 Music School, later Music School of the RMO, from 1967 K., in 1871-1917 Music Academy , in 1920 Music Institute, in 23-1924 Music Institute of Drama, in 1924-29 Music Theater Institute, in 1930 and since 36 K., in 1936 on the basis of K. and The Kharkov Institute of Arts was founded by the Kharkov Institute of Arts). In a number of cities there are branches of the Kirghizia (for example, in Petrozavodsk in 1943 a branch of the Leningradskaya Kirovsk was opened).

Since 1953, the Intern. congresses of directors of K. Since 1956, the Association of European academies, K. and higher schools of music.

A. A. Nikolaev